12/18/2023 0 Comments Puppet making meaningStuart Blackton displayed The Haunted Hotel in 1906, using the same technique. Some, more inventive, transformed their cameras in order to take only one photogram per turn, whilst the objects were moved around between each turn of the crank. This name corresponds to the filmmaking technique of the time when operators filmed by turning the crank of the camera, eight images per turn. Historically, Secundo de Chomon filmed El Hotel eletrico in 1905 by animating objects using the crank-turning technique, “one turn/one picture”. It could also be said that cinema reproduces movement whilst animation cinema creates it. The time is only reassembled during projection and so it is referred to as “differed time” (or “deferred time”). In general, a second of film thus corresponds to twenty-four frames. In the 19th century, numerous savants orientated their research in this direction, permitting the spread of numerous “optic toys” that applied the principle of retinal persistence which, combined with the photography developed by Nicéphore Niépce and others of the same period, led to the invention of cartoons by Émile Reynaud (1892), on one hand, and the creation of cinema by the Lumière brothers (1895), on the other.Ĭontrary to cinema in general, which is filmed in “real time”, animation cinema decomposes time. So, when seeing a succession of fixed images, of which certain elements are modified, the brain chronologically links the information and recreates the movement: this is the “phi phenomenon”, a theory first discovered by the Belgian Joseph Plateau in 1829. Therefore, anything above a rate of ten frames per second creates a “composite” mental image. The “recuperation time” of these cells lasts a twenty-fourth of a second. When exposed to light, the photosensitive cells of the retina undergo a biophysical modification that is transmitted to the optic nerve. A small portion of animated films are made with photograms (which are created by placing opaque/semi-opaque materials on light sensitive paper and exposing it to light without the apparatus of a lens or camera, leaving behind a silhouette of the object when the film is developed).Īs in traditional cinema, animation cinema is founded on a biophysical principal first experimented with by Isaac Newton in 1676: retinal persistence. The majority of animation is made by drawings or photographs. Animation cinema is a special technique of making movies shot frame by frame, or stop motion.
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